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| 1809 |
| | | British commander Arthur Wellesley builds the lines of Torres Vedras, to defend the promontory leading south to Lisbon | |
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| 1809 |
| | | Napoleon annexes the Papal States and is excommunicated by the pope, Pius VII | |
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| 1809 |
| | | Napoleon, in response to his excommunication, has pope Pius VII arrested and kept in captivity in northern Italy and then France | |
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| 1809 |
| | | Napoleon enters Vienna and defeats the Austrians in a battle at nearby Wagram | |
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| 1809 |
| | | John Moore dies at Corunna but his army escapes from Spain and gets back to England | |
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| 1810 |
| | | The Spanish Cortes flees from the renewed French invasion and establishes itself in Cadiz | |
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| 1810 |
| | | A French marshal, Jean Bernadotte, is offered the position of crown prince and heir to the Swedish throne | |
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| 1812 |
| | | Napoleon launches an attack on his ally, the Russian tsar Alexander I, with an army of more than 600,000 men | |
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| 1812 |
| | | The Russian army under Marshal Kutuzov confronts the advancing French at Borodino, and though defeated makes a successful withdrawal | |
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| 1812 |
| | | After victory at Borodino, Napoleon enters Moscow to find the city abandoned and burning | |
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